Protection
This usually involves immobilising the injury to reduce pain and prevent disruption of the healing process. This may involve splints, casts, taping or bandaging. All modalities must allow room for swelling without compromising circulation. Crutches can support weight bearing and slings may immobilise an arm or shoulder.
Rest
This is to avoid further injury and disruption of the forming fibrin but also to reduce increased blood flow. After 3 days it is recommended that gentle movements should start but this time may be shorter or longer depending upon the severity of the injury. Many people will start the following day.
Ice
This is an inexpensive form of cryotherapy. A pack of frozen peas is often advocated as a household remedy that provides a cold and deformable application. The temperature of a domestic freezer is around -18 °C. Plain ice and especially anything from a freezer, should not be applied directly to the skin but wrapped in a towel or tea towel. Crushed ice in a plastic bag or commercially available gel bags are other modes of application. Claims for benefits of cold include decrease in pain, decrease in metabolism, decrease in swelling, decrease in muscle spasm, decrease in circulation (but also cold-induced vasodilation) and effects on the inflammatory process. The evidence base for the benefit is very limited or contradictory.2,3 The optimum regime is probably to apply ice for 20 minutes, remove it for 10 minutes and repeat the process over 2 hours. Ice should not be applied for more than 30 minutes without a break for fear of "ice burns".
Compression
This reduces oedema. External compression can stop bleeding, inhibit seepage into underlying tissue spaces and help disperse excess fluid. Fluid is pushed back into the capillaries and lymph vessels. External compression increases the effectiveness of the muscle pump in aiding venous return. A number of devices are available including adhesive and non-adhesive bandages, elastic tubular support and plastic or inflatable splints. Try to apply the pressure uniformly or at least so that it increases from distally to proximally and not vice versa. Compression must be capable of accommodating oedema as it forms after the injury, to prevent ischaemia. Replace the compression after 24 hours and continue for at least 72 hours. If the problem is less severe it is not necessary to be so meticulous and the value of double elastic tubing in grade I or II ankle sprain is dubious.4
Elevation
This gives gravitational aid to other techniques to reduce oedema. As far as possible elevate the injured area above the level of the heart in the first 72 hours and have it comfortably supported. Avoid simultaneous compression and elevation. Beware of letting the elevated limb become immediately dependent as there may be "rebound" with increased oedema.
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