Post-exercise glycogen repletion in the absence of
food intake
One extreme dietary condition that would be
expected to impair the synthesis of muscle glycogen
during recovery from exercise is the absence of
food. Is it possible for our muscles to re-build at
least part of their glycogen stores after exercise if
food is not available? This is a situation likely to
have had a major impact on the survival of our
ancestors who, as a result of their hunter-gatherers
life-style, were at increased risks of experiencing
regular episodes of prolonged fast. This notion that
skeletal muscles might have the capacity to replenish
their glycogen independently of food intake is not a
novel one as it was central to the work of the Nobel
Laureat, Otto Meyerhof, who, nearly a hundred
years ago, provided evidence, based on the use of
isolated frog muscle preparations, that skeletal
muscles have such a capacity (Fournier et al., 2002).
It is only over the past 30 years, however, that
experiments have been performed in humans and a
wide range of animal species to establish if this is
also the case in intact animals. The general
consensus is that, after exercise, skeletal muscles in
humans have the capacity to replenish at least part of
their glycogen stores without food intake,
irrespective of whether they are recovering from
prolonged aerobic exercise (Hultman and
Bergstrom, 1967; Maehlum et al., 1978) or from
high intensity exercise (Hermansen and Vaage,
1977; Peters-Futre et al., 1987; Astrand et al., 1986;
Bangsbo et al., 1991, 1997; Fairchild et al., 2003).
Moreover, we have also shown that this resynthesis
occurs across all muscle fiber types (Fairchild et al.
2003).
Regulation of post-exercise glycogen repletion in
the absence of food intake
It is noteworthy that under conditions expected to be
highly unfavourable to glycogen synthesis following
high intensity exercise, such as food absence or
active recovery, the rates of muscle glycogen
synthesis in humans and rats are among the highest
reported in the literature (Pascoe and Gladden, 1996;
Nikolovski et al, 1996; Fairchild et al., 2003).
In conclusion, during recovery from exercise, it is
possible for skeletal muscles to replenish their
glycogen stores under conditions expected to be
highly unfavourable to glycogen synthesis such as
fasting or active recovery. The rates of muscle
glycogen synthesis can be very high under these
conditions, most probably because of the acute
activation of glucose transport and glycogen
synthase and inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase.
This capacity of skeletal muscles to replenish their
glycogen stores under extreme conditions is clearly
advantageous as it allows muscles to maintain
adequate levels of glycogen stores for fight or flight
responses.
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